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Subcutaneous B12 injections are a better choice when possible, and the front of the thigh is also best for this method
Summary: Vitamin B12 toxicity from supplementation is extremely rare, but persistently elevated serum levels may indicate underlying liver disease, kidney dysfunction, or haematological disorders requiring medical investigation
Rare but Serious Adverse Effects Even though rare, serious side effects can happen
Hormonal variables are relevant to BPC-157 outcomes in women primarily in the context of perimenopause and menopause, where declining estrogen affects collagen synthesis rates and tissue healing capacity
Since egr-1 is critical in proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation during cholestatic liver injury, cytokine and growth factor generation and early extracellular matrix (collagen) formation (Zhang et al., 2011), BPC 157 (with nab2) may have an essential role as a particular feedback-controlling mechanism
A 2021 systematic review of 16 randomized controlled trials and 6,276 participants (Markun and colleagues, Effects of Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Fatigue, Nutrients, 2021) found that B12 supplementation does not reliably reduce fatigue in people who are not deficient
